Living Science 2020 2021 for Class 6 Science Chapter 10 - Living Organisms And Their Surroundings

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The relationship between living things and their surroundings is studied under ecology.
 

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No, the natural environment does not only consist of water, soil, temperature, air and sunlight in a place. This is because a natural environment constitute abiotic and biotic components of the environment. Soil, water, air, temperature and sunlight only represent the abiotic components of the environment. 

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'Auto' in the word 'autotroph' means self. The name autotroph is given to plants. This is because plants have the ability to prepare their own food by the process of photosynthesis. 

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The abiotic components of an environment include non-living component present in an environment. Some of the abiotic components of the environment include water, air, soil, sunlight and temperature. 

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No, the burrow of a rabbit is not its habitat. This is because a habitat must provide all the things required for the survival of an organism. However, a burrow only provides shelter and not things such as food that are essential for life. 

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The organism that are adapted to reduce water loss are found in the desert habitats. The organisms living in this habitat experience water scarcity and thus need to minimise water loss. 

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No, the hump of a camel does not store water. The hump is used for the storing excess food in the form of fat. This fat is used by camel when the food becomes scare. 

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No, a cactus does not have fleshy, thick leaves. The leaves in cactus plants are modified into spines, which prevent the loss of water from the plant. The cactus plant in fact have thick fleshy stems which store water that can be used by the plant. 

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The narrow and long leaves of tape grass allows the plant to resist the damaging effects of water currents. This ensures that the plant survives in spite of strong water currents. 

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Animals that live inside water but do not possess gills include whales and dolphins. These animals breathe with the help of blowholes that are located in the upper regions of their heads. 

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A typical behaviour of penguins that helps them to keep warm is that penguins have a tendency to remain together in groups. 

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The brown colour of lions helps them to blend with their surroundings through camouflage. This allow lions to easily catch their prey because the prey is not able to clearly see the lions in the grasslands. 

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(c) green plants

Green plants produce food by photosynthesis. Hence, they are known as producers.

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(c) decomposers

Decomposers break down the bodies of dead plants and animals, enabling nutrients present in their bodies to be returned to the soil.

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(c) fresh water

A terrestrial habit means a habit on land. Fresh water is an aquatic habit, and is therefore not terrestrial.

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(c) water lily-sea

A water lily cannot grow in salty water found in seas.

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(c) escaping cold weather

Animals hibernate in winter to conserve their energy so that they can survive winter without eating too much.

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(a) plants and animals

Plants and animals are living or biotic components of the environment.

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(b) make food.

Plants use the carbon dioxide from air for making food by the process of photosynthesis.

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(d) marine, freshwater and estuaries

Marine habitat means the sea, freshwater habitats include fresh water rivers, ponds etc. Estuaries are regions where rivers flow into the sea.

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Biotic components of the environment are living.

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Plants help to maintain a constant level of oxygen in the air.

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The study of the relationship between living things and their environment is known as ecology.

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Producers are also known as autotrophs.

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Carnivores eat other animals. Hence, they depend indirectly upon plants for nutrition and are known as secondary consumers.

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The living organisms that break down the dead bodies of plants and animals into simple compounds are known as decomposers.

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Marine animals live in salt water.

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True. A desert habitat is a terrestrial habitat as its a land habitat.

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Plants with fleshy stems that store water are called succulent plants.

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The name used to describe the shape of fish, which allows them to move in water without too much resistance is "streamlined".

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False. Dolphins are mammals and have lungs. They breathe through a blowhole on the top of their heads.

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Trees growing on mountains have shapes to allow snow to slide off easily.

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The winter sleep that extends throughout the winter is known as hibernation.

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'Hiding by merging with the surroundings' is also known as camouflage.

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Vegetation growing in lower levels in tropical rainforest have large leaves.

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The study of the interactions between an organism and its environment is known as ecology. Living organisms interact with their environments for their survival.

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A dormouse minimises energy wastage by hibernating during winter months so that its food consumption is greatly reduced.

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Grasses have flexible stalks that allow them to bend without breaking in windy conditions.

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A toucan is an example of a bird that is specialized to eat food that few others eat.
The toucan has a strong, curved beak, that it uses to crack the tough shells of nuts.

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Green plants do not depend upon other organisms for food. They produce their own food using sunlight, carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil. Hence, green plants are known as producers.

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The strong, retractable claws of a lion helps the lion in stalking its prey silently and to attack it without being heard.

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The two adaptations of desert plants that enable them to survive a scarcity of water are:

1. Desert plants have fleshy stems, known as succulent stems, that can store water.
2. The leaves of many desert plants, such as cacti are modified into spines to reduce loss of water.

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Streamlined bodies of water animals reduce the resistance from water during swimming and enable them to swim fast.

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Plants are useful to animals in following ways:

1. A source of food: All animals depend upon plants, either directly or indirectly, for food.
2. A source of oxygen: The oxygen required for the respiration of animals is generated by plants.

1. Dispersal of seeds: Plants depend upon animals for the dispersal of seeds.
2. Manure: The excreta of animals and also their dead bodies add nutrients to the soil that plants use for their growth.

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Living organisms (plants and animals) exhibit particular features that enable them to survive and thrive in their habitats. Such features are known as adaptations. Two examples of adaptation are:

1. To prevent water loss from leaves by transpiration in the hot climates of deserts, cacti have leaves modified into spines.
2. Animals living in extremely cold climates, such as polar bears have thick coats of fur and large deposits of fat to insulate them against the cold.

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Camouflage is an adaptation by which an animal shows coloration or body features that allows it to blend with the environment. This can be useful to either evade predators, or to capture prey.

1. Stick insects are coloured and patterned like twigs on a tree. This makes it very hard for predators to see them.
2. Tigers have a striped, orange pelt. This enables the tiger to camouflage itself, enabling it to sneak up to its prey.

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(a) Camel:

1. A camel has a hump where fat is stored, which enables a camel to survive food scarcity.
2. A camel can drink a lot of water at a time and then survive for a long time without water.
3. A camel does not sweat, excretes little water as urine and passes very dry dung to help minimize the wastage of water.

1. It has long, narrow stems that are not damaged by water currents.
2. It has air spaces to enable the plant to float.
3. Water lilies have large flat leaves with waxy, waterproof upper surfaces.

1. They have a streamlined shape to help reduce water resistance.
2. Fishes have gills to respire under water.
3. Fishes have scales and mucous on their bodies to make them waterproof and reduce water resistance while swimming.

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Lions are predators. Their eyes are therefore located on the front of their heads. This enables the lion to estimate accurately the distance to their prey while attacking it.
Deer have eyes on the sides of their heads. This enables them to look out for approaching predators over a wider range and escape.

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I would prefer not to use such a medicine. The human body contains many bacteria such as lactobacillus in the intestine that are useful for various functions such as the digestion of milk. Using a medicine that kills all bacteria and fungi will kill even the useful bacteria and fungi and could adversely affect the health of the user of the medicine.

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No aquatic animals such as dolphins and whales have lungs and cannot breathe oxygen dissolved in water. They breathe oxygen from the air using blowholes on the top of their heads.

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When animals hibernate, they derive energy for basic bodily functions from the fat stored in their bodies. Therefore, animals eat a lot to build up their fat reserves before hibernation.

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In a habitat, herbivores are expected to outnumber carnivores. This is because carnivores depend upon herbivores for their food and get energy by consuming herbivores. Some energy is wasted during the transfer from herbivores to carnivores. Consequently, less energy exists at the level of a secondary consumer. This leads to a reduction in the number of carnivores compared to herbivores.

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Bacteria and fungi break down the dead bodies of plants and animals and return the nutrients back to the soil. This is not the case with other organisms such as scavengers. For example, if a vulture eats a dead animal, the vulture uses the nutrients in its body and the nutrients are not returned to the soil. Since, bacteria and fungi return the nutrients back to the soil, they are known as decomposers.

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1. Monkeys are animals which are usually found in tropical rainforests due to the dense vegetation found there. Monkeys are adapted to living on trees, for example, they have strong arms to swing from one tree to another. On the other hand, in grassland ecosystem the area is covered with grasses and grass like plants. It is suitable for grazing animals. These areas are deficient in the number of trees which means the availability of food for monkeys also becomes a reason why they are not found in grasslands.

2. Humans cannot survive in a sea habitat due to non-availability of fresh water. Humans require fresh water for their survival and they cannot survive in its absence. Sea water has high concentration of salt and this water can neither be consumed nor used for any other process.

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Sandeep was wrong in his behaviour. He should not have behaved in such an irresponsible manner and should have behaved responsibly.
His behaviour was disheartening for his grandparents. He should have understood that we should try to be happy in what we have instead of cribbing about things we do not have. He should learn to adjust to his surroundings.
I would have never behaved in this manner and rather would have cherished all the moments that I would spend with them. I would be interested in knowing how people lived there without these modern facilities and what ways they adopted to beat the heat. I would have loved to have long talks with my grandparents and enjoy some stories.