Living Science 2020 2021 for Class 6 Science Chapter 7 - Living And Non Living

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The common features of living and non-living things are as follows:

1. Living as well as non-living things are composed of matter.

2. Both living and non-living things are formed of certain structural units. In living things these structural units are cells, whereas in non-living things, these units are molecules or atoms.

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The basic structural unit of a living thing is a cell, whereas molecules and atoms form the structural units of non-living things. A cell can perform all the biological processes required for the perpetuation of life. Molecules or atoms, on the other hand, by themselves do not contribute to life.

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Plants are living organisms that do not move from one place to another. A car is non-living thing that can move from one place to another.

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a. Living organisms such as humans and dogs begin their life as a single cell (zygote) and later develop more cells.

b. Amoeba and Paramecium exist as single cells throughout their lives.

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In a crystal, growth occurs by the addition of materials from external sources. However, growth in our body occurs within the body by division of cells inside the body. Thus, the growth of crystal is determined by external materials whereas, the growth of our body depends on internal materials.

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The roots of a seed that is inserted upside down in the soil will grow downwards toward the Earth and the stem will grow upwards away from the Earth. Thus, the direction of growth of roots and stem does not change if a root is inserted upside down in the soil. This feature suggests that all living organisms respond to stimulus. The response in this case is governed by the gravity.

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The primary function of respiration is to provide energy to the living things. Living things obtain oxygen by respiration, which is used for the oxidation of food to release energy. This energy is used by living things to perform all functions.

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(c) was once living but is now dead.

The tree from which the wood is obtained was once living. Therefore, the wood of which a wooden chair is made was once living but is now dead.

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(c) cells

The structural unit of every living organism is a cell. Thus, all living organisms have cells.

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(c) during day and night

Plants respire both during day and by night. However, during the day, the amount of oxygen given out by the plant through the process of photosynthesis far exceeds the amount of oxygen used by the plant for respiration.

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(c) energy

Sweat, urine and carbon dioxide are various excretion products. Energy is not.

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(a) respiration

During respiration, the oxygen inhaled reacts with digested food to produce energy.

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(a) number of cells in its body

The size of an animal primarily depends upon the number of cells in its body.

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(d) holes in its body

A cockroach breathes through holes in its body known as trachael tubes.

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(a) grows towards the window

Plants grow in the direction of sunlight. This is known as phototropic movement.

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False. There are some non-living objects such as cars, buses, aircraft, ships and machinery that can move when an external force is applied to them.

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Animals generally stop growing after reaching a certain age or size. However, plants continue to grow throughout their life.

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The process of removal of waste products from the body is known as excretion.

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When oxygen and food combine in the bodies of living organisms they produce energy.

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Amoeba is an example of a one-celled (unicellular) living organism.

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If one living organism can reproduce with another, they belong to the same species.

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False.
Only members of the same species can reproduce among themselves.

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Animals move around in search of food, shelter and to escape from predators or enemies.

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Example of movement in plants: A sunflower turns its face towards the sun due to phototropism.

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Cells are the fundamental units of all living organisms. Yes, all living things are made up of cells. In addition, some living organisms are just single celled (unicellular organisms).

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Unicellular organisms show some growth by an increase in the size of the single cell that constitutes the organism.

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Example of a stimulus and a response: If you accidentally touch a hot object, you automatically withdraw your hand. The heat of the hot object is the stimulus and you, withdrawing your hand is the response to the stimulus.

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The oxygen taken in by living things during breathing is combined with the food that is digested by them to produce energy.

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The three waste products that we excrete are:

1. Sweat
2. Urine
3. Exhaled air

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Living things respond to changes in their environment. For example, if you touch the leaves of the Mimosa (touch-me-not) plant, the leaves droop. In this case, the plant is responding to the stimulus of touch by drooping its leaves.

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Living things grow by the division of cells. Unicellular organisms such as Amoebae grow by an increase in the size of the single cell that makes up the organism.
Non-living things grow by the addition of material from outside. For example, a pile of sand will grow if more sand is added to it.

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Three ways in which living things reproduce are:

1. Some living things produce buds which grow into new organisms. For example, potatoes produce buds, known as eyes which grow into new potato plants.
2. Mammals such as humans give birth directly to young ones.
3. Some snakes, birds and crocodiles lay eggs and the young ones hatch from the egg.

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All living organisms exchange gases with the environment. The means are as follows:

1. Fishes respire using their gills.
2. Earthworms use their skin for respiration.
3. Insects such as cockroaches breathe through several tracheal tubes in their bodies.
4. Humans and many other animals such as cows, goats etc. respire through external nostrils, which supplies air to their lungs.

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If a plant is potted near a window, its stem will bend toward the light as it grows. The growth of a plant towards light is known as phototropism. In the same way, the roots of plants grow towards the earth and the stem grows in the opposite direction. This is an example of geotropism.

In animals, cockroaches and earthworms show negative phototropism. They move away from light. In the same way, Paramecium swims in the opposite direction of the Earth's gravity and shows negative geotropism.

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Each type of living organism has many individuals which are broadly similar to each other. Individuals may differ slightly but their behaviour, habits or appearance are quite similar. Such a group constitutes a species. Members of a species inhabit the same environment, eat the same kind of food and reproduce among themselves.

For example, all pigs are a species, humans form a species, oak trees are a species of trees etc.

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During the day, plants use carbon dioxide from the air for photosynthesis and give out oxygen. The amount of oxygen given out by a plant during photosynthesis far exceeds the amount of oxygen consumed by the plant and converted into carbon dioxide by respiration. Therefore, we say that plants supply oxygen to the air.

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A car is not living because:

1. A car is not made up of cells. It is made up of the atoms and molecules of steel, plastic, etc.
2. A car does not grow.
3. A car cannot respond to stimulus.
4. A car cannot reproduce.

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All living things have a mass and they occupy volume. Therefore, all living things are matter.

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In jungles, there are many pressures for survival. The most important of which is finding of food and water. Humans have managed to domesticate animals, farm for food crops, vegetables and fruits and harness rivers to provide water. Thus, humans have very little limitations in terms of food and water. Further, humans have access to medical care to cure diseases that may kill animals in the jungle. As a result, human population increases much more quickly than the population of animals living in jungles.

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Living organisms show specific characteristics such as growth, response to stimulus and other life functions. The cell is the basic unit which shows all the life functions. However, molecules do not show the basic life functions. Molecules are the ingredients of life, but they are not alive, cells.
As a result, the cell is the unit of a living being.

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Rohini is a sensitive and caring girl who cares about both plants and animals. She loves her dog and looks after the plants as well. This also means, she is a very responsible girl who understands her responsiblities.